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What do you know about antibiotics?
Antibiotics are an indispensable member of life sciences. In the era of knowledge explosion, antibiotics are becoming more and more important. Antibiotic (antibiotics) is a kind of secondary metabolites with anti-pathogen or other activities produced by microorganisms or higher animals and plants in the process of life. It is a chemical that can interfere with the development of other living cells. The antibiotics commonly used in clinical practice include the extracts from the culture solution of genetically engineered bacteria and chemical or semi-synthetic compounds. At present, there are no less than ten thousand kinds of natural antibiotics.
Let's take a look at a few commonly used antibiotics（http://www.hnhbsj.com）
1. ampicillin
Penicillin is also known as benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), ampicillin belongs to semi-synthetic penicillin. It is a benzylbenzene ring of penicillin G followed by an amino group to become a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug. Penicillin, as a structural analogue of PBPs substrate, covalently binds to enzyme activity sites, thus inhibiting PBPs, interference in the synthesis of bacterial cell wall, so as to kill bacteria. The sensitivity of bacteria to β-lactam is mainly due to the high affinity of PBPs to this kind of drugs, and the affinity of various PBPs to different β-lactams is different. High molecular weight PBPs (PBP1a and 1b) of Escherichia coli E There are transpeptidases associated with the synthesis of peptide polysaccharides, while other PBPs are necessary to maintain the rod shape of bacteria and the formation of cell division interval. One of the most important PBPs is transpeptidase, the inhibition of which can lead to the formation of globular cells, and the inhibition of transpeptidase may result in the formation of globular cells. And dissolved quickly. The cell wall is defective and the protective barrier is lost. Because of the high osmotic pressure in the bacteria and the constant infiltration of water in the isoosmotic environment, the cells were swollen and deformed. Under the influence of the activation of lysosome, the bacteria broke down and dissolved and died.
2. Tetracycline
Tetracycline is an antibacterial substance isolated from the culture medium of actinomycete Streptomyces aureofa-ciens. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic against gram-positive bacteria, negative bacteria, rickettsia, filter virus, and so on. Spirulina and even protozoa have a good inhibitory effect. Tetracycline binds to the 30s subunit of the nucleosome, which prevents aminoacyl-tRNA from entering the A site, thus inhibiting the growth of peptide chains and affecting the synthesis of bacterial proteins.
3. Erythromycin（http://www.hnhbsj.com）
Erythromycin is an alkaline antibiotic produced by Stretteerythrus, and the antibacterial spectrum is similar to that of penicillin, and has a powerful effect on the Gram-positive bacteria. The action mechanism is mainly combined with the 50S subunit of the ribose nucleoprotein body to inhibit the peptide methyltransferase, and influence the shift process of the ribose nucleoprotein body, hinder the growth of the peptide chain and inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial protein.
4. Hygromycin B
Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which can kill bacteria, fungi and high-grade eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. Hygromycin B is used to inhibit protein synthesis by interfering with the shift and to promote the translation of 80S ribosomes.
The specific antibiotics used in the transfection, the cells transfected with the hph gene, are resistant to hygromycin. The transfected cells stably or temporarily express the gene so as to achieve the purpose of screening.
5. Chloramphenicol
Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces Venezuela. It belongs to antibacterial broad-spectrum antibiotics. The 70s ribosome of bacterial cells is the main cellular component of the synthetic protein, which consists of 50s and 30s subunits. Chloramphenicol inhibits the formation of new peptide chains and inhibits the synthesis of proteins by blocking the action of transpeptidase by reversible binding of chloramphenicol to 50s subunit and interfering with the binding of amino acid-containing amino acid-tRNA terminal to 50s subunit. Because chloramphenicol can also bind to 70 S of human mitochondria, it can also inhibit protein synthesis of human mitochondria and cause toxicity to human body. Because chloramphenicol binds the 70s ribosome Synthesis is reversible, so it is considered to be an antibacterial antibiotic, but it can also produce bactericidal effect on some bacteria at high drug concentration and even at lower concentration on influenza bacilli.
6. Rifampin
Rifampicin is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial agent of rifamycin. Its mechanism is to bind strongly to β subunit of DNA dependent RNA polymerase, inhibit the synthesis of bacterial RNA and prevent the enzyme from connecting with DNA, thus blocking the transcription process and stopping the synthesis of DNA and protein.
The material comes from the Internet.
To learn more about biochemical reagents, please follow the official website: http://www.hnhbsj.com
(All contents of this website, where the source is the "Huibai reagent", the copyright is owned by the Huibai reagent, is not authorized, any media, website or individual shall not be reproduced, otherwise the legal liability will be held, and the "Source: Huibai reagent" shall be indicated in the authorization and transfer. The source of this network is the content of other media. The content of the other media is reprinted. The copyright is only shared by the original author. If the copyright is infringed, please contact us in time. )
Let's take a look at a few commonly used antibiotics（http://www.hnhbsj.com）
1. ampicillin
Penicillin is also known as benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), ampicillin belongs to semi-synthetic penicillin. It is a benzylbenzene ring of penicillin G followed by an amino group to become a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug. Penicillin, as a structural analogue of PBPs substrate, covalently binds to enzyme activity sites, thus inhibiting PBPs, interference in the synthesis of bacterial cell wall, so as to kill bacteria. The sensitivity of bacteria to β-lactam is mainly due to the high affinity of PBPs to this kind of drugs, and the affinity of various PBPs to different β-lactams is different. High molecular weight PBPs (PBP1a and 1b) of Escherichia coli E There are transpeptidases associated with the synthesis of peptide polysaccharides, while other PBPs are necessary to maintain the rod shape of bacteria and the formation of cell division interval. One of the most important PBPs is transpeptidase, the inhibition of which can lead to the formation of globular cells, and the inhibition of transpeptidase may result in the formation of globular cells. And dissolved quickly. The cell wall is defective and the protective barrier is lost. Because of the high osmotic pressure in the bacteria and the constant infiltration of water in the isoosmotic environment, the cells were swollen and deformed. Under the influence of the activation of lysosome, the bacteria broke down and dissolved and died.
2. Tetracycline
Tetracycline is an antibacterial substance isolated from the culture medium of actinomycete Streptomyces aureofa-ciens. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic against gram-positive bacteria, negative bacteria, rickettsia, filter virus, and so on. Spirulina and even protozoa have a good inhibitory effect. Tetracycline binds to the 30s subunit of the nucleosome, which prevents aminoacyl-tRNA from entering the A site, thus inhibiting the growth of peptide chains and affecting the synthesis of bacterial proteins.
3. Erythromycin（http://www.hnhbsj.com）
Erythromycin is an alkaline antibiotic produced by Stretteerythrus, and the antibacterial spectrum is similar to that of penicillin, and has a powerful effect on the Gram-positive bacteria. The action mechanism is mainly combined with the 50S subunit of the ribose nucleoprotein body to inhibit the peptide methyltransferase, and influence the shift process of the ribose nucleoprotein body, hinder the growth of the peptide chain and inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial protein.
4. Hygromycin B
Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which can kill bacteria, fungi and high-grade eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. Hygromycin B is used to inhibit protein synthesis by interfering with the shift and to promote the translation of 80S ribosomes.
The specific antibiotics used in the transfection, the cells transfected with the hph gene, are resistant to hygromycin. The transfected cells stably or temporarily express the gene so as to achieve the purpose of screening.
5. Chloramphenicol
Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces Venezuela. It belongs to antibacterial broad-spectrum antibiotics. The 70s ribosome of bacterial cells is the main cellular component of the synthetic protein, which consists of 50s and 30s subunits. Chloramphenicol inhibits the formation of new peptide chains and inhibits the synthesis of proteins by blocking the action of transpeptidase by reversible binding of chloramphenicol to 50s subunit and interfering with the binding of amino acid-containing amino acid-tRNA terminal to 50s subunit. Because chloramphenicol can also bind to 70 S of human mitochondria, it can also inhibit protein synthesis of human mitochondria and cause toxicity to human body. Because chloramphenicol binds the 70s ribosome Synthesis is reversible, so it is considered to be an antibacterial antibiotic, but it can also produce bactericidal effect on some bacteria at high drug concentration and even at lower concentration on influenza bacilli.
6. Rifampin
Rifampicin is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial agent of rifamycin. Its mechanism is to bind strongly to β subunit of DNA dependent RNA polymerase, inhibit the synthesis of bacterial RNA and prevent the enzyme from connecting with DNA, thus blocking the transcription process and stopping the synthesis of DNA and protein.
The material comes from the Internet.
To learn more about biochemical reagents, please follow the official website: http://www.hnhbsj.com
(All contents of this website, where the source is the "Huibai reagent", the copyright is owned by the Huibai reagent, is not authorized, any media, website or individual shall not be reproduced, otherwise the legal liability will be held, and the "Source: Huibai reagent" shall be indicated in the authorization and transfer. The source of this network is the content of other media. The content of the other media is reprinted. The copyright is only shared by the original author. If the copyright is infringed, please contact us in time. )
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